Approaches And Methods In Psychology At A 'Click'

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Psychoanalytic approach Behaviourist approach Cognitive approach Biological approach Humanistic approach
Cause of dysfunction
Features
Unconscious and early childhood experience.
The unconscious. Iceberg Analogy.

Id, ego and superego.

Ego defence mechanisms.

Psychosexual theory of adult personality development.
Faulty learning in environment
S-R.

Pavlov and

Classical conditioning.

Skinner and

Operant conditioning.
Faulty information processes
Computer analogy and S-X-R

Perception

Memory

Thinking etc.
Damage etc. to our Physiology/ genetics
Physiological psychology

Evolutionary psychology
Dysfunctional self (self-image) as a result of experience
Self-Phenomenology, existentialism, gestalten & whole person.

Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs NB Growth needs / Deficiency needs.

Rogers: actualising tendency
Limitations Methodology: biased sample i.e. Use of case study.

Hypothetical constructs.

Over emphasis on sexual world, rather than social world (emergence of psychodynamic approach). 		Reductionist.

Mechanistic.

Deterministic. 		Identity.

Mechanistic, computer analogy.

Ecological validity.		 Reductionist.

Mechanistic.

Deterministic.
Ethics. 		Hypothetical constructs / lack of scientific support.

Methodology.

Culture-bound. Naïve.
Applications Psychoanalytic psychotherapy, Purpose to access the unconscious (neurosis)

Features - interpretation of dreams, free association, hypnosis / regression.		 Behaviourist psychotherapies Purpose to change faulty learning.

Pavlov: Behaviour therapy

Skinner: Behaviour modification 		Cognitive psychotherapy
Purpose to change dysfunctional thoughts feelings & behaviour.

Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy

Beck: Cognitive Restructuring Therapy 		Chemotherapy

Purpose to control symptoms of problem


Schizophrenia

Depression		 Humanistic psychotherapy, Purpose to help create ideal self.

Features - Genuineness, Empathy, Positive regard.

Conditions of growth.
Associated research method / technique Case study, Interview. Experiment Experiment Experiment Q-sort correlation, interview, case study.

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